The complete microzonation and SITE response studies require the CHARACTERIZATION of subsurface materials considering local subsurface profiles of the SITE or region. The general SITE CHARACTERIZATION comprises of the evaluation of subsurface features, material types, material properties and buried/hollow structures, by which it is determined whether the SITE is safe against earthquake effects. In this study, an attempt has been made to characterize the Bangalore Mahanagar Palike (BMP) area of about 220km2 using the shallow geophysical method, Multichannel Analysis of Surface wave (MASW), which identifies each type of seismic wave on a multichannel record using the refraction survey and produces shear-wave velocity (Vs) profiles. The study area of BMP has been characterized as per NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program) and IBC (International Building Code) SITE classification using an average shear wave velocity (Vs30) of 30m, obtained from MASW. In the study area, 58 one-dimensional (1-D) MASW survey has been carried out and respective velocity profiles are obtained. The major part of the BMP area can be classified as "SITE class D", and "SITE class C" and a smaller part in and around Lalbagh Park is classified as" SITE class B". Further SITE response has been carried out using measured shear wave velocity and synthetic ground motion developed by Sitharam and Anbazhagan. SITE response study shows that due to soil condition, large modification of wave amplitudes are observed resulting in higher peak ground acceleration when compared to rock level acceleration.

Archaeobotany is one of the interdisciplinary sciences in archaeology. Archaeobotany studies plant remains in archaeological contexts. Based on plant findings, it discusses topics such as people's livelihood, agriculture, vegetation, climate changes, dating, etc. So, this course can reply to many questions archaeologists face about an ancient SITE and people. In recent years, archaeologists have paid a lot of attention to this field and tried to use experts in excavations. One of the excavations that has paid a lot of attention to archaeobotany, is Feyzabad SITE. This SITE has Islamic periods. During the excavation in 2022 in this SITE, some ovens were found, as well as some samples from them. In this research, we intend to answer questions such as the functioning of the sampled ovens and the identification of plant remains in the ovens. Finally, by combining the information found, we will shed light on the lives of the people of this period. By doing this research, our information about the life of the people belonging to this area, their livelihood and the common types of plant remains used in this area will increase. Also, micro information about climatic conditions will be obtained. After carrying out the necessary investigations and research, it was found that the ovens found in the trench D8 are related to cooking to the inner part of the royal citadel. Besides the more specialized work that is being done, animal husbandry and agriculture are popular. Some climate changes such as warmer weather and less humidity were also identified

Background: The purpose of this study was isolation and CHARACTERIZATION of cyanide degrading bacterium from contaminated areas.Methods: After sampling of contaminated soil, cyanide degrading bacterium was isolated using enrichment culture method into the mineral salt medium M9 supplemented with cyanide. Degradation of cyanide was determined using picric acid method and increasing in bacterial growth using spectrophotometer.Results: A rod shape, gram positive and spore forming bacterium with ability to degrade various combinations of cyanide was isolated then called Bacillus MS1. Also the isolate MS1 decomposed 2.46 mM cyanide within 38 hours.Conclusion: These results indicated that Bacillus MS1 could be an appropriate option for cyanide degradation in industrial waste water and contaminated SITEs.

Estimation of SITE response from an earthquake is fundamental step to anticipate the possible damages and so the objective of a SITE response analysis is to estimate the ground shaking during an earthquake. In this paper the effect of nonlinearity on SITE response analyses summarized and evaluating ground surface response taking into account the local soil and subsurface soils properties for the proposed bridge at Sirdjan Balvavard road subjected to earthquake provokes with Standard Hyperbolic Model for nonlinear condition was executed. This area is prone to high seismic risk due to the presence of several active faults and therefore quantifying the SITE effect on the surface over a number of geotechnical areas has been notified. For SITE CHARACTERIZATION, deep SITE investigations have been undertaken, and a seismic geotechnical procedure has proposed. The effect of nonlinearity on SITE response analysis for the selected SITE with assumption of elastic and rigid half space bedrock by use of Standard Hyperbolic Model was evaluated and the results of them over a number of geotechnical areas were compared to each other. Critical point of this work was to design, develop and use a seismic geotechnical based computer code by authors which named as "Abbas Converter". It has several advantages, which can make facilitate this study more than previous have done and take over the encountered problem. This study clearly showed the applicability of "Abbas Converter" on evaluation of SITE response with bedrock type assumption on soil behavior under the earthquake excitations.

Primary core of Germi has been developed on the relative flat topographic space, but due to the land limitations, these days, this town is frequently (over 70%) developing in the high steep slopes (8 to 30 degrees). Active faults of the region and the presence of unresisting superficial and deposits and geological formations have caused instability of the urban constructions formation especially in the east and north east of this small city. In addition, the subsidence phenomena and cracks in foundations, due to deposit silts with the high percentage of clay and with high shear steers, have seriously threatened urban constructions. The large land slide in the 1995 destroyed some about the 250 residuals, hospitals and schools in the eastern slope of the town in the Katol district which led to obligatory replacing of some residuals. According to the research findings, out of whole urban land use (449.4 ha), 145.5 of them (32.4%) is located in the unsuitable to completely high risk zones. Therefore, occurrence of any earthquake stronger than 5.5 with Richter Scale, landslides, subsidence phenomena, subsidence liquefactions, and environmental hazards of geomorphic phenomena, result in crakes, movement and instability of soil formation, and the destruction of the constructions in the slopes.

Most organizations in urban and urban structures in Ardabil embark on authority project planning and land use almost without scientific consideration of environmental potential, which does not conform to urban sustainable development. According to the soils physical analysis results, Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index of central and eastern part of the city are high. Also, due to the granolometric results of soil formation, there are high percentages of Clay, silt in the unresisting Quaternary alluvial and marl formation in the urban SITE. Therefore, high extension sensitive soil, silt and marl, gel fraction, capillarity frost heaving in some regions of Ardabil cause land subsidence, emergence of Creek, fussier and titling the structures walls and foundations and caused to intensive distraction of streets Asphalt. On the other hand, steepness of geology layers and topographic, influence of Neo-tectonic, and active micro faults, in the western parts of the city (Carshnasan and Cosar and Dadgostary) make the region a potentially high risk area. It is suggested, that urban sustainable planning must be undertaken with systematic study of SITE Geology, hydro-geomorphology and a prediction of probable problems.

Landfill leachates are potential threats for environmental degradation. This study was conducted to determine the leachate quality, to identify the dominant pollutants and to evaluate the leachate pollution potential of an active and closed dumping ground of an uncontrolled municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill SITE in Kolkata, India using leachate pollution index. The results of the physico-chemical and biological analyses of leachate indicated that landfill SITE was in its methanogenic phase. Among the analysed leachate pollutants, TDS, BOD5, COD, TKN, NH3-N, Cl¯, TCB, Pb, and Hg surpassed the leachate discharge standards for inland surface water as specified by the municipal solid waste (management and handling) rules, 2013 for both the dumping grounds. Moreover the concentrations of total Cr and Zn also exceeded the leachate disposal standards for the active dumping ground. The leachate pollution potentialities of both the active and closed dumping grounds were comparable as the overall LPI obtained 34.02 and 31.80 respectively. The overall LPI, LPI organic (LPIor), LPI inorganic (LPIin) and LPI heavy metals (LPIhm) of both the dumping grounds largely exceeded the LPI and sub-LPI values for treated leachate before disposal to the inland surface water. In terms of the individual pollution rating, total coliform bacteria, TKN, NH3-N and Hg were identified as the dominant pollutants and major contributing factors for the leachate pollution potential.